Symbolic and Instrumental Factors for Attracting People to Smes: Relationships With the Entrepreneur's Leadership Style
DOI:
10.14211/regepe.v7i2.672Keywords:
SMEs, Attraction Factors. Transformational Leadership, Employer’s Attractivenes.Abstract
Literature on people management focuses on large companies and therefore has given little attention to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This research seeks to fill this gap by investigating the relationship between entrepreneur style and approaches to attracting people to SMEs. Therefore, a survey was conducted with 146 SMEs, testing a set of hypotheses by structural equations modeling. The results indicate that there is a relationship between the entrepreneur's style (transformational versus transactional) and the kinds of attributes (symbolic or instrumental) emphasized in attracting people. It was also observed that the bigger the company is, the less emphasis is given to symbolic factors. On the other hand, SMEs emphasize more symbolic factors of attraction than other segments. In addition, the results indicate that attraction approaches are more impacted by the entrepreneur's style than by the characteristics of the company/business (age, size, segment).
Downloads
References
Afshari, L., & Gibson, P. (2016). How to increase organizational commitment through transactional leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, v. 37(4), pp. 507-519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-08-2014-0148
Ambler, T., & Barrow, S. (1996). The employer brand. Journal of Brand Management, v. 4, pp. 185-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.1996.42
Auh, S., & Benguc, B. (2005). The Influence of Top Management Team Functional Diversity on Strategic Orientations: The Moderating Role of Environmental Turbulence and Inter-functional Coordination. International Journal of Research in Marketing, v. 22, pp. 333-350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2004.12.003
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal Of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, v. 72(4), pp. 441-462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789
Bai, Y., Li, P., Xi, & Youmin. (2012). The distinctive effects of dual-level leadership behaviors on employees' trust in leadership: An empirical study from China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. V. 29 (2), pp. 213-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-011-9280-6
Baregheh, A., Rowley, J., & Hemsworth, D. (2016). The effect of organisational size and age on position and paradigm innovation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, v. 23(3), pp. 768-789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-06-2015-0065
Baron, J. N., & Hannan, M. T. (2002). Organizational blueprints for success in high-tech startups: lessons from the Stanford project on emerging companies. California Management Review, v. 43(3), pp. 8-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41166130
Baron, R. A. (2003). Human resource management and entrepreneurship: Some reciprocal benefits of closer links. Human Resource Management Review, v. 13, pp. 253-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(03)00016-0
Barreto, L. S., Kishore, A., Reis, G. G., Baptista, L. L., & Medeiros, C. (2013). Cultura organizacional e liderança: uma relação possível? Revista de Administração, v. 48 (1), pp. 34-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5700/rausp1072
Barrett, R., & Mayson, S. (2007). Human resource management in growing small firms. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, v. 14 (2), pp. 307-320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000710746727
Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press, New York.
Bass, B., & Avolio, B. (1993). Manual: The multifactor leadership questionnaire. Consulting Psychological Press, Palo Alto, California.
Behery, M. (2016). A New Look at Transformational Leadership and Organizational Identification: A Mediation Effect of Followership Style in a Non-Western Context. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, v. 21(2), 70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.3709.2016.ap.00006
Berthon, P., Ewing, M., & Hah, L. (2005). Captivating company: dimensions of attractiveness in employer branding. International Journal of Advertising, v. 24 (2), pp. 151-172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2005.11072912
Biswas, M. K., & Suar, D. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of employer branding. Journal of Business Ethics, v. 136 (1), pp. 57-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2502-3
Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row, New York.
Cable, D. M., & Turban, D. (2001). Establishing the dimensions, sources and value of job seekers' employer knowledge during recruitment. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, v. 20, pp. 115-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(01)20002-4
Cassell, C., Nadin, S., Gray, M., & Clegg, C. (2002). Exploring human resource management practices in small and medium sized enterprises. Personnel Review, v. 31(6), pp. 671-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480210445962
Cardon, M. S., & Stevens, C. E. (2004). Managing human resources in small organizations: What do we know? Human Resource Management Review, v. 14, pp. 295-323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2004.06.001
Chang, Yi-Ying (2015). Strategic human resource management, transformational leadership organizational ambidexterity: evidence from Taiwan. Asia Pacific Business Review, v. 21 (4), pp. 517-533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2015.1029298
Chang, Yi-Ying (2016). High-performance work systems, joint impact of transformational leadership, an empowerment climate and organizational ambidexterity. Journal of Organizational Change Management, v. 29 (3), pp. 424-444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-09-2015-0150
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In: Modern Methods for Business Research, in G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.) Modern Methods for Business Research, London, p. 295-336. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Collins, C. (2007). Research report on phase 5 of Cornell University/Gevity Institute Study: Human resource management practices and firm performance in small businesses: A look at differences across industries. (CAHRS Working Paper #07-10). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies. Disponível em:<http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrswp/23>. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2017.
Collins, C., Ericksen, J., & Allen, M. (2004). A qualitative investigation of the human resource management practices in small businesses. (CAHRS Working Paper #04-14). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies. Disponível em: <http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrswp/23>. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2017.
Collins, C., & Kanar, A. (2013). Employer brand equity and recruitment research. In: Yu, K; Cable, D. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Recruitment. Oxford Library of Psychology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199756094.013.0016
Dabic, M., Ortiz-De-Urbina-Criado, M., & Romero-Martínez, A. M. (2011). Human resource management in entrepreneurial firms: A literature review. International Journal of Manpower, v. 32(1), pp. 14-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721111121206
Dan, N. H., Liu, Y., Hsu, P. F., & Yu, S. H. (2014). An Empirical Study of The Organizational Culture, Leadership And Firm Performance In A Vietnam Family Business. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, v. 6 (4), pp. 109-121.
Della Torre, E., & Solari, L. (2011). High Performance Work Systems, Technological Innovations and Firm Performance in SME: Evidences From Italy, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, v. 3, pp. 375-391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEV.2011.043384
Della Torre, E., & Solari, L. (2013). High-performance work systems and the change management process in medium-sized firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 24 (13), pp. 2583-2607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.744337
Edwards, M. (2010). An integrative review of employer branding and OB theory. Personnel Review, v. 39 (1), pp. 5-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481011012809
Ensley, M. D., & Pearce, C. L. (2006). The Moderating Effect of Environmental Dynamism on the Relationship Between Entrepreneur Leadership Behavior and New Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing, v. 21, pp. 234-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.04.006
Naz, F., Aftab, J., & Awais, M. (2016). Impact of Human Resource Management Practices (HRM) on Performance of SMEs in Multan, Pakistan. International Journal of Management, Accounting & Economics, v. 3 (11), pp. 699-708.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”, Journal of Marketing Research, v. 18(1), pp. 39–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Freire, D. A. L. (2015). Identidade organizacional e suas influências na gestão de pessoas das micro e pequenas empresas. Revista de Carreiras e Pessoas, v. 5(3), pp. 294-310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20503/recape.v5i3.25100
GEM Brasil (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Empreendedorismo no Brasil) (2016). Curitiba: IBQP, 2016.
Hair, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, v. 19 (20), pp. 139–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hambrick, D.C. (2007). Upper Echelons Theory: An Update. Academy of Management Review, v. 32 (2): 334–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2007.24345254
Hamstra, M., Yperen, N. V., Wisse, B., & Sassenberg, K. (2014). Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Followers' Achievement Goals. Journal of Business & Psychology. V. 29 (3), pp. 413-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-013-9322-9
Hartog, D. N. D., Van Muijen, J. J., & Koopman, P. L. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, v. 70 (1), pp. 19-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00628.x
He, L., Standen, P., & Coetzer, A. (2017). The perceived personal characteristics of entrepreneurial leaders. Small Enterprise Research, pp. 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13215906.2017.1334225
Helm, S. (2013). A matter of reputation and pride: associations between perceived external reputation, pride in membership, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. British Journal of Management, v. 24 (4), pp. 542-556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00827.x
Heneman, R. L., Tansky, J. W., & Camp, S. M. (2000). Human resource management practices in small and medium-sized enterprises: unanswered questions and future research perspectives. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, v. 25(1), pp. 11-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225870002500103
Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos, A., Straub, D.W., Ketchen, D.J. Jr., Hair, J.F., Hult, G. T. M., & Calantone, R. J. (2014), Common beliefs and reality about PLS: comments on Rönkkö & Evermann (2013), Organizational Research Methods, v. 17 (2), pp. 182-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114526928
Hulland, J. (1999). Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in strategic management research: a review of four recent studies, Strategic Management Journal, v. 20 (2), pp. 195-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199902)20:2<195::AID-SMJ13>3.0.CO;2-7
Karami, A., Analoui, F., & Kakabadse, N. K. (2006). The CEOs' characteristics and their strategy development in the UK SME sector. Journal of Management Development, v. 25 (4), pp. 316-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710610655800
Karami, A., Jones, B. M., & Kakabadse, N. (2008). Does strategic human resource management matter in high-tech sector? Some learning points for SME managers. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, v. 8(1), pp. 7-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14720700810853365
Khalili, A., &Khalili, A. (2016). Linking transformational leadership, creativity, innovation, and innovation-supportive climate. Management Decision, v. 54(9), pp. 2277-2293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-03-2016-0196
Lievens, F., & Highhouse, S. (2003). The relation of instrumental and symbolic attributes to a companys attractiveness as an employer. Personnel Psychology, v. 56 (1), pp. 75-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2003.tb00144.x
Lievens, F., & Slaughter, J. E. (2016). Employer image and employer branding: What we know and what we need to know. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, v. 30, pp. 407-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062501
Ling, Y., Simsek, Z., Lubatkin, M. H., & Veiga, J. F. (2008). The impact of transformational CEOs on the performance of small-to medium-sized firms: does organizational context matter?. Journal of Applied Psychology, v. 93(4), 923. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.923
Matzler, K., Schwarz, E., Deutinger, N., & Harms, R. (2008). The relationship between transformational leadership, product innovation and performance in SMEs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, v. 21(2), pp. 139-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2008.10593418
Mayson, S., & Barrett, R. (2006). The ‘science’ and ‘practice’ of HRM in small firms. Human Resource Management Review, v. 16(4), pp. 447-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2006.08.002
Mesu, J., Riemsdijk, M. V., & Sanders, K. (2013). Labour flexibility in SMEs: the impact of leadership. Employee Relations, v. 35 (2), pp. 120-138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01425451311287835
Mesu, J., Sanders, K., & Riemsdijk, M. V., (2015). Transformational leadership and organisational commitment in manufacturing and service small to medium-sized enterprises. Personnel Review, v. 44 (6), pp. 970-990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-01-2014-0020
Mgeni, T. O., & Nayak, P. (2016). Impact of Transactional Leadership Style on Business Performance of SMEs in Tanzania. Amity Business Review, v. 17 (1), pp. 98-109.
Mittal, S., & Dhar, R. L. (2015). Transformational leadership and employee creativity. Management Decision, v. 53 (5), pp. 894-910. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2014-0464
Mittal, S., & Mittal, S. (2016). Effects of transformational leadership on turnover intentions in IT SMEs. International Journal of Manpower, v. 37(8), pp. 1322-1346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-10-2014-0202
Moser, K. J., Tumasjan, A., & Welpe, I. M. (2017). Small but attractive: Dimensions of new venture employer attractiveness and the moderating role of applicants' entrepreneurial behaviors. Journal of Business Venturing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.05.001
Ng, T. W. (2017). Transformational leadership and performance outcomes: Analyses of multiple mediation pathways. The Leadership Quarterly, v. 28 (3), pp. 385-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.11.008
Patel, P. C., & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Adopting HRM practices and their effectiveness in small firms facing product‐market competition. human resource management, v. 49(2), pp. 265-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20346
Pingle, S., & Sharma, A. (2013). External Employer Attractiveness: A Study of Management Students in India. Journal of Contemporary Management Research, v. 7 (1), pp. 78-95.
Podsakoff, P., & Organ, D. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects. Journal of Management, v. 12(2), pp. 531-544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
Prasad, B., & Junni, P. (2016). CEO transformational and transactional leadership and organizational innovation. Management Decision, v. 54 (7), pp. 1542-1568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-11-2014-0651
Raj, R., & Srivastava, K. B. L. (2017). Transformational Leadership and Innovativeness: The Mediating Role of Organizational Learning. Journal of Management Research, v. 17 (1), pp. 201-219.
Rampl, L. V. (2014). How to become an employer of choice: transforming employer brand associations into employer first-choice brands. Journal of Marketing Management, v. 30 (13-14), pp. 1486-1504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2014.934903
Reid, R., Morrow, T., Kelly, B., & McCartan, P. (2002). People management in SMEs: An analysis of human resource strategies in family and non-family businesses. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, v. 9 (3), pp. 245-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000210438571
Rogers, E. W. & Wright, P. M. (1998), Measuring organizational performance in strategic human resource management: Problems, prospects, and performance information markets. Human Resource Management Review, v. 8 (3), pp. 311-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(98)90007-9
Sarros, J. C., Cooper, B. K., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Building a climate for innovation through transformational leadership and organizational culture. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, v. 15(2), pp. 145-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808324100
Sattayaraksa, T., & Boon-itt, S. (2016). CEO transformational leadership and the new product development process: The mediating roles of organizational learning and innovation culture. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, v. 37(6), pp. 730-749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2014-0197
Schmelter, R., Mauer, R., Börsch, C., & Brettel, M. (2010). Boosting corporate entrepreneurship through HRM practices: Evidence from German SMEs. Human Resource Management, v. 49 (4), pp. 715-741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20366
Silva, L. F. A., & Scheffer, A. B. B. (2015). A Gestão de Pessoas nas Micro e Pequenas Empresas: Comparando Experiências. Revista de Empreendedorismo e Gestão de Pequenas Empresas, v. 4(3), pp. 87-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14211/regepe.v4i3.189
Szamosi, L. T., Duxbury, L., & Higgins, C. (2004). Toward an understanding of people management issues in SMEs: A south-eastern European perspective. Education + Training, v. 46(8), pp. 444-453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910410569560
Teo, S. T. T., Clerc, M. L., & Galang, C. M. (2011). Human capital enhancing HRM systems and frontline employees in Australian manufacturing SMEs. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 22 (12), pp. 2522- 2538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.588034
Theurer, C. P., Tumasjan, A., Welpe, I. M., & Lievens, F. (2016). Employer Branding: A Brand Equity‐based Literature Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12121
Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in Organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Visser, D. J., De Coning, T. J., & Smit, E. V. D. M. (2005). The relationship between the characteristics of the transformational leader and the entrepreneur in South African SMEs. South African Journal of Business Management, v. 36 (3), pp. 51-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v36i3.635
Wilcox, R. (1998). How many discoveries have been lost by ignoring modern statistical methods? American Psychologist, v. 53 (30), pp. 300–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.53.3.300
Zhiqiang L., Zhenyao C., Ji, L., Shengping, S., & Yongqing, F. (2013). Leadership style and employee turnover intentions: a social identity perspective. Career Development International. v. 18 (3), pp. 305-234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-09-2012-0087
Downloads
Published
Métricas
Visualizações do artigo: 3054 PDF (Português (Brasil)) downloads: 830
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
-
The author(s) authorize the publication of the text in the journal;
-
The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas, and concepts expressed in the texts, as they are the sole responsibility of their authors;
-
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work published under the CC BY 4.0
License, which allows sharing the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal; -
Authors are allowed and encouraged to post their work (Submitted version, Accepted version [Manuscript accepted by the author], or Published version [Record version]) online, for example in institutional repositories or preprints, as it can lead to productive exchanges as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. REGEPE requires that authors indicate/link the published article with DOI. See the Effect of Open Access.
